On the Causal Hierarchy and Robins and Richardson’s MCM
Judea Pearl writes:
Thomas’ latest posting triggered my curiosity to re-examine the causal hierarchy. Originally (see Causality chapter 1), I have characterized causal sentences into three categories:
1. probabilistic (i.e., non-causal, or what we can estimate from observational studies)
2. experimental (i.e., do-expressions, or what we can estimate from controlled, randomized experiments)
3. counterfactuals (i.e., subscripted sentences, or everything that can be computed from a fully specified structural model that is, a collection of functions with probabilities on the exogenous variables)
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